Select HERE for Index to Hunter Valley practitioners 19th Century Medical Terms   Australia was entirely dependent on the supply of doctors from the British Isles until 1863 when a medical school was established at the University of Melbourne. Surgeons  and Physicians emigrated as officers on convict transports, warships and merchant vessels. Some, such as Thomas Parmeter and John Waugh Drysdale were transported as convicts. They sometimes came with their wives or family and probably brought their collection of gallipots, lancets and other instruments with them.  They sought Government employment or set up their own private practice and also established farms, vineyards and grazing properties. They were perhaps attracted to the colony hoping for economic prosperity, as were other immigrants. Medical practitioners were often required to deal with the results of  violent altercations and horrific accidents. Although advances in medical knowledge regarding disease and anatomy had been made by the 19th Century, effective treatments were not always available and there were no antibiotics. Doctors performed operations and  post mortems. They treated the severe burns of children who had ventured too close to the open fires or pulled boiling kettles of water onto themselves. They tended injured bullock drivers who had fallen under drays and they patched up victims of assault. Until the mid 1840's they operated without anaesthetic and surgery was undertaken as a last resort. A common treatment for many ailments was bleeding. Apothecaries in Maitland occasionally advertised to buy leeches and honey for treatments. Digitalis was given for heart treatment, opiates for pain, calomel as a purgative and aloes to treat chest complaints. They contributed to learning and politics and to the entertainment and cultural life in the colony. Some such as Dr. Stewart and Dr. Bowker gave lectures at the Mechanics Institutes. Others helped organised Race Days or special events. Dr. Edye joined others in planning for the visit of the Governor in 1847.   They were sometimes restless or adventurous - Adoniah Vallack travelled to Cape York as surgeon following  Edmund Kennedy's surveying expedition. John Gill accompanied Edward Denny Day in pursuit of bushrangers the 'Jew Boy Gang' . Dr. Scott accompanied John Oxley, Allan Cunningham and others to establish a penal colony at Moreton Bay in 1824. Isaac Scott Nind accompanied the 39th Regiment to establish a settlement at King George's Sound in 1826.  They often gave their services freely - David Stolworthy and Dr. Vallack worked on the committee of the Singleton Benevolent Society as well as offering assistance and advice to the Society's patients. Michael McCartney stayed constantly at the bedside of patient William Harper for several days after Harper had been gored by a cow. The above  services were given freely, however when the Medical Witness Bill was passed it ensured that adequate remuneration for attendance at inquests and on trials was provided, although heavy penalties were attached to the refusal or neglect to attend when properly summoned. In 1845 several members of the Medical Profession  considered it was desirable to establish a Medical Society in the Hunter Valley and George Brooks issued a notice to that effect. In September of that year a meeting was held at Mrs. Muir's Hotel at East Maitland during the Criminal Court Sessions to form an Association for the 'diffusion of knowledge and the regulation of professionals business' Medical practitioners were as vulnerable as any other settlers of the district - their farms suffered drought and flood,  their young children died, their servants absconded and some, becoming insolvent in the depression of the 1840's, lost all but their surgical instruments. Dr. Mallon was more fortunate than others in 1843 as he was allowed to retain household furniture as well as his surgical instrument. All else was apparently lost to him. List of Medical Practitioners: George Barnes    Frederick Joshua Beardmore      William Penn Blick  Henry Bowe  Richard Ryther Steer Bowther     George Brooks     William Brown    Colin Buchanan      James John Cadell    Frances Campbell    William Bell Carlyle    James Cochrane     W. Coleman    James Douglas   John Waugh Drysdale    James Andrew Du Moulin    Alfred Oke Edye   Dr. Evans  Abraham Fenton   Alexander Garnack     John Gill     Henry Glennie     John Goodwin     Isaac Haig     Henry Turner Harrington   John Inches    Richard Lewis Jenkins     Henry George Lewis    Andrew Liddell     Henry John Lindeman    Little     Robert Mackintosh   Patrick Walsh Mallon   Michael McCartney  Ellar McKellar McKinlay    Dr. Milner     Dr. Montgomery     Francis Moran     Appin G. Nicol     Isaac Scott Nind   A. Osborne   Robert Park    Thomas Parmeter     Montague Parnell      Henry William Radford    Robert Rogers    George Shaw Rutherford    Alexander Skinner    David Sloane   John Edward Stacy    John Stewart   David Stolworthy     Francis Gall Snelling Street     Dr. Thomson     Patrick Thomas Tighe     Rowland John Traill   Adoniah Vallack     Dr. West    Thomas Whitfield     Dr. Whitelaw    William Williamson     William Wilton    For more information see Australian Pioneer Medical Index